• Tut
  • Ref
  • Lib
  • Api
  • Ext
  • Mod
  • image-search

2.2.2

  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Whetting Your Appetite
    • 1.1 Where From Here
  • image-plus2. Using the Python Interpreter
    • image-plus2.1 Invoking the Interpreter
      • 2.1.1 Argument Passing
      • 2.1.2 Interactive Mode
    • image-plus2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
      • 2.2.1 Error Handling
      • 2.2.2 Executable Python Scripts
      • 2.2.3 The Interactive Startup File
  • image-plus3. An Informal Introduction to Python
    • image-plus3.1 Using Python as a Calculator
      • 3.1.1 Numbers
      • 3.1.2 Strings
      • 3.1.3 Unicode Strings
      • 3.1.4 Lists
    • 3.2 First Steps Towards Programming
  • image-plus4. More Control Flow Tools
    • 4.1 if Statements
    • 4.2 for Statements
    • 4.3 The range() Function
    • 4.4 break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
    • 4.5 pass Statements
    • 4.6 Defining Functions
    • image-plus4.7 More on Defining Functions
      • 4.7.1 Default Argument Values
      • 4.7.2 Keyword Arguments
      • 4.7.3 Arbitrary Argument Lists
      • 4.7.4 Lambda Forms
      • 4.7.5 Documentation Strings
  • image-plus5. Data Structures
    • image-plus5.1 More on Lists
      • 5.1.1 Using Lists as Stacks
      • 5.1.2 Using Lists as Queues
      • 5.1.3 Functional Programming Tools
      • 5.1.4 List Comprehensions
    • 5.2 The del statement
    • 5.3 Tuples and Sequences
    • 5.4 Dictionaries
    • 5.5 Looping Techniques
    • 5.6 More on Conditions
    • 5.7 Comparing Sequences and Other Types
  • image-plus6. Modules
    • image-plus6.1 More on Modules
      • 6.1.1 The Module Search Path
      • 6.1.2 ``Compiled'' Python files
    • 6.2 Standard Modules
    • 6.3 The dir() Function
    • image-plus6.4 Packages
      • 6.4.1 Importing * From a Package
      • 6.4.2 Intra-package References
  • image-plus7. Input and Output
    • 7.1 Fancier Output Formatting
    • image-plus7.2 Reading and Writing Files
      • 7.2.1 Methods of File Objects
      • 7.2.2 The pickle Module
  • image-plus8. Errors and Exceptions
    • 8.1 Syntax Errors
    • 8.2 Exceptions
    • 8.3 Handling Exceptions
    • 8.4 Raising Exceptions
    • 8.5 User-defined Exceptions
    • 8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions
  • image-plus9. Classes
    • 9.1 A Word About Terminology
    • 9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces
    • image-plus9.3 A First Look at Classes
      • 9.3.1 Class Definition Syntax
      • 9.3.2 Class Objects
      • 9.3.3 Instance Objects
      • 9.3.4 Method Objects
    • 9.4 Random Remarks
    • image-plus9.5 Inheritance
      • 9.5.1 Multiple Inheritance
    • 9.6 Private Variables
    • image-plus9.7 Odds and Ends
      • 9.7.1 Exceptions Can Be Classes
  • 10. What Now?
  • image-plusA. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
    • A.1 Line Editing
    • A.2 History Substitution
    • A.3 Key Bindings
    • A.4 Commentary
  • image-plusB. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
    • B.1 Representation Error
  • image-plusC. History and License
    • C.1 History of the software
    • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Notation
  • image-plus2. Lexical analysis
    • image-plus2.1 Line structure
      • 2.1.1 Logical lines
      • 2.1.2 Physical lines
      • 2.1.3 Comments
      • 2.1.4 Explicit line joining
      • 2.1.5 Implicit line joining
      •  
      • 2.1.7 Indentation
      • 2.1.8 Whitespace between tokens
    • 2.2 Other tokens
    • image-plus2.3 Identifiers and keywords
      • 2.3.1 Keywords
      • 2.3.2 Reserved classes of identifiers
    • image-plus2.4 Literals
      • 2.4.1 String literals
      • 2.4.2 String literal concatenation
      • 2.4.3 Numeric literals
      • 2.4.4 Integer and long integer literals
      • 2.4.5 Floating point literals
      • 2.4.6 Imaginary literals
    • 2.5 Operators
    • 2.6 Delimiters
  • image-plus3. Data model
    • 3.1 Objects, values and types
    • 3.2 The standard type hierarchy
    • image-plus3.3 Special method names
      • 3.3.1 Basic customization
      • 3.3.2 Customizing attribute access
      • 3.3.3 Emulating callable objects
      • 3.3.4 Emulating container types
      • 3.3.5 Additional methods for emulation of sequence types
      • 3.3.6 Emulating numeric types
      • 3.3.7 Coercion rules
  • image-plus4. Execution model
    • image-plus4.1 Naming and binding
      • 4.1.1 Interaction with dynamic features
    • 4.2 Exceptions
  • image-plus5. Expressions
    • 5.1 Arithmetic conversions
    • image-plus5.2 Atoms
      • 5.2.1 Identifiers (Names)
      • 5.2.2 Literals
      • 5.2.3 Parenthesized forms
      • 5.2.4 List displays
      • 5.2.5 Dictionary displays
      • 5.2.6 String conversions
    • image-plus5.3 Primaries
      • 5.3.1 Attribute references
      • 5.3.2 Subscriptions
      • 5.3.3 Slicings
      • 5.3.4 Calls
    • 5.4 The power operator
    • 5.5 Unary arithmetic operations
    • 5.6 Binary arithmetic operations
    • 5.7 Shifting operations
    • 5.8 Binary bit-wise operations
    • 5.9 Comparisons
    • 5.10 Boolean operations
    • 5.11 Lambdas
    • 5.12 Expression lists
    • 5.13 Summary
  • image-plus6. Simple statements
    • 6.1 Expression statements
    • 6.2 Assert statements
    • image-plus6.3 Assignment statements
      • 6.3.1 Augmented assignment statements
    • 6.4 The pass statement
    • 6.5 The del statement
    • 6.6 The print statement
    • 6.7 The return statement
    • 6.8 The yield statement
    • 6.9 The raise statement
    • 6.10 The break statement
    • 6.11 The continue statement
    • 6.12 The import statement
    • 6.13 The global statement
    • 6.14 The exec statement
  • image-plus7. Compound statements
    • 7.1 The if statement
    • 7.2 The while statement
    • 7.3 The for statement
    • 7.4 The try statement
    • 7.5 Function definitions
    • 7.6 Class definitions
  • image-plus8. Top-level components
    • 8.1 Complete Python programs
    • 8.2 File input
    • 8.3 Interactive input
    • 8.4 Expression input
  • image-plusA. Future statements and nested scopes
    • A.1 Future statements
    • A.2 __future__ -- Future statement definitions
    • image-plusA.3 Nested scopes
      • A.3.1 Definitions and rules
      • A.3.2 Interaction with dynamic features
  • image-plusB. History and License
    • B.1 History of the software
    • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
  • Index
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Introduction
  • image-plus2. Built-in Functions, Types, and Exceptions
    • 2.1 Built-in Functions
    • image-plus2.2 Built-in Types
      • 2.2.1 Truth Value Testing
      • 2.2.2 Boolean Operations
      • 2.2.3 Comparisons
      • 2.2.4 Numeric Types
      • 2.2.5 Iterator Types
      • 2.2.6 Sequence Types
      • 2.2.7 Mapping Types
      • 2.2.8 File Objects
      • 2.2.9 Other Built-in Types
      • 2.2.10 Special Attributes
    • 2.3 Built-in Exceptions
  • image-plus3. Python Runtime Services
    • 3.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
    • 3.2 gc -- Garbage Collector interface
    • image-plus3.3 weakref -- Weak references
      • 3.3.1 Weak Reference Objects
      • 3.3.2 Example
      • 3.3.3 Weak References in Extension Types
    • image-plus3.4 fpectl -- Floating point exception control
      • 3.4.1 Example
      • 3.4.2 Limitations and other considerations
    • image-plus3.5 atexit -- Exit handlers
      • 3.5.1 atexit Example
    • 3.6 types -- Names for all built-in types
    • 3.7 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
    • 3.8 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
    • 3.9 UserString -- Class wrapper for string objects
    • image-plus3.10 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
      • 3.10.1 Mapping Operators to Functions
    • image-plus3.11 inspect -- Inspect live objects
      • 3.11.1 Types and members
      • 3.11.2 Retrieving source code
      • 3.11.3 Classes and functions
      • 3.11.4 The interpreter stack
    • image-plus3.12 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
      • 3.12.1 Traceback Example
    • 3.13 linecache -- Random access to text lines
    • image-plus3.14 pickle -- Python object serialization
      • 3.14.1 Relationship to other Python modules
      • 3.14.2 Data stream format
      • 3.14.3 Usage
      • 3.14.4 What can be pickled and unpickled?
      • 3.14.5 The pickle protocol
      • 3.14.6 Security
      • 3.14.7 Example
    • 3.15 cPickle -- A faster pickle
    • 3.16 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
    • 3.17 shelve -- Python object persistence
    • 3.18 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
    • 3.19 marshal -- Internal Python object serialization
    • image-plus3.20 warnings -- Warning control
      • 3.20.1 Warning Categories
      • 3.20.2 The Warnings Filter
      • 3.20.3 Available Functions
    • image-plus3.21 imp -- Access the import internals
      • 3.21.1 Examples
    • image-plus3.22 code -- Interpreter base classes
      • 3.22.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects
      • 3.22.2 Interactive Console Objects
    • 3.23 codeop -- Compile Python code
    • image-plus3.24 pprint -- Data pretty printer
      • 3.24.1 PrettyPrinter Objects
    • image-plus3.25 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation
      • 3.25.1 Repr Objects
      • 3.25.2 Subclassing Repr Objects
    • 3.26 new -- Creation of runtime internal objects
    • 3.27 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
    • 3.28 user -- User-specific configuration hook
    • 3.29 __builtin__ -- Built-in functions
    • 3.30 __main__ -- Top-level script environment
  • image-plus4. String Services
    • 4.1 string -- Common string operations
    • image-plus4.2 re -- Regular expression operations
      • 4.2.1 Regular Expression Syntax
      • 4.2.2 Matching vs Searching
      • 4.2.3 Module Contents
      • 4.2.4 Regular Expression Objects
      • 4.2.5 Match Objects
      • 4.2.6 Examples
    • 4.3 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
    • image-plus4.4 difflib -- Helpers for computing deltas
      • 4.4.1 SequenceMatcher Objects
      • 4.4.2 SequenceMatcher Examples
      • 4.4.3 Differ Objects
      • 4.4.4 Differ Example
    • 4.5 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
    • 4.6 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
    • 4.7 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
    • image-plus4.8 codecs -- Codec registry and base classes
      • 4.8.1 Codec Base Classes
    • 4.9 unicodedata -- Unicode Database
  • image-plus5. Miscellaneous Services
    • 5.1 pydoc -- Documentation generator and online help system
    • image-plus5.2 doctest -- Test docstrings represent reality
      • 5.2.1 Normal Usage
      • 5.2.2 Which Docstrings Are Examined?
      • 5.2.3 What's the Execution Context?
      • 5.2.4 What About Exceptions?
      • 5.2.5 Advanced Usage
      • 5.2.6 How are Docstring Examples Recognized?
      • 5.2.7 Warnings
      • 5.2.8 Soapbox
    • image-plus5.3 unittest -- Unit testing framework
      • 5.3.1 Organizing test code
      • 5.3.2 Re-using old test code
      • 5.3.3 Classes and functions
      • 5.3.4 TestCase Objects
      • 5.3.5 TestSuite Objects
      • 5.3.6 TestResult Objects
      • 5.3.7 TestLoader Objects
      • 5.3.8 Getting Extended Error Information
    • 5.4 math -- Mathematical functions
    • 5.5 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
    • 5.6 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
    • 5.7 whrandom -- Pseudo-random number generator
    • image-plus5.8 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
      • 5.8.1 Example
    • 5.9 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
    • image-plus5.10 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
      • 5.10.1 ConfigParser Objects
    • 5.11 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
    • 5.12 xreadlines -- Efficient iteration over a file
    • 5.13 calendar -- General calendar-related functions
    • image-plus5.14 cmd -- Support for line-oriented command interpreters
      • 5.14.1 Cmd Objects
    • image-plus5.15 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
      • 5.15.1 shlex Objects
  • image-plus6. Generic Operating System Services
    • image-plus6.1 os -- Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
      • 6.1.1 Process Parameters
      • 6.1.2 File Object Creation
      • 6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations
      • 6.1.4 Files and Directories
      • 6.1.5 Process Management
      • 6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information
    • 6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
    • 6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings
    • 6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
    • 6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat()
    • 6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
    • image-plus6.7 filecmp -- File and Directory Comparisons
      • 6.7.1 The dircmp class
    • image-plus6.8 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
      • 6.8.1 Popen3 and Popen4 Objects
      • 6.8.2 Flow Control Issues
    • 6.9 time -- Time access and conversions
    • image-plus6.10 sched -- Event scheduler
      • 6.10.1 Scheduler Objects
    • image-plus6.11 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
      • 6.11.1 Mutex Objects
    • 6.12 getpass -- Portable password input
    • image-plus6.13 curses -- Terminal handling for character-cell displays
      • 6.13.1 Functions
      • 6.13.2 Window Objects
      • 6.13.3 Constants
    • image-plus6.14 curses.textpad -- Text input widget for curses programs
      • 6.14.1 Textbox objects
    • 6.15 curses.wrapper -- Terminal handler for curses programs
    • 6.16 curses.ascii -- Utilities for ASCII characters
    • image-plus6.17 curses.panel -- A panel stack extension for curses.
      • 6.17.1 Functions
      • 6.17.2 Panel Objects
    • 6.18 getopt -- Parser for command line options
    • 6.19 tempfile -- Generate temporary file names
    • 6.20 errno -- Standard errno system symbols
    • 6.21 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
    • 6.22 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
    • image-plus6.23 shutil -- High-level file operations
      • 6.23.1 Example
    • image-plus6.24 locale -- Internationalization services
      • 6.24.1 Background, details, hints, tips and caveats
      • 6.24.2 For extension writers and programs that embed Python
    • image-plus6.25 gettext -- Multilingual internationalization services
      • 6.25.1 GNU gettext API
      • 6.25.2 Class-based API
      • 6.25.3 Internationalizing your programs and modules
      • 6.25.4 Acknowledgements
  • image-plus7. Optional Operating System Services
    • image-plus7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events
      • 7.1.1 Example
    • image-plus7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
      • 7.2.1 Socket Objects
      • 7.2.2 SSL Objects
      • 7.2.3 Example
    • image-plus7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
      • 7.3.1 Polling Objects
    • 7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control
    • image-plus7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
      • 7.5.1 Lock Objects
      • 7.5.2 RLock Objects
      • 7.5.3 Condition Objects
      • 7.5.4 Semaphore Objects
      • 7.5.5 Event Objects
      • 7.5.6 Thread Objects
      • 7.5.7 Timer Objects
    • image-plus7.6 Queue -- A synchronized queue class
      • 7.6.1 Queue Objects
    • 7.7 mmap -- Memory-mapped file support
    • 7.8 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
    • 7.9 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
    • image-plus7.10 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
      • 7.10.1 Database Objects
    • 7.11 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
    • image-plus7.12 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
      • 7.12.1 Hash, BTree and Record Objects
    • 7.13 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
    • 7.14 gzip -- Support for gzip files
    • image-plus7.15 zipfile -- Work with ZIP archives
      • 7.15.1 ZipFile Objects
      • 7.15.2 PyZipFile Objects
      • 7.15.3 ZipInfo Objects
    • image-plus7.16 readline -- GNU readline interface
      • 7.16.1 Example
    • image-plus7.17 rlcompleter -- Completion function for GNU readline
      • 7.17.1 Completer Objects
  • image-plus8. Unix Specific Services
    • image-plus8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
      • 8.1.1 Large File Support
      • 8.1.2 Module Contents
    • 8.2 pwd -- The password database
    • 8.3 grp -- The group database
    • 8.4 crypt -- Function to check Unix passwords
    • image-plus8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
      • 8.5.1 Dl Objects
    • 8.6 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
    • 8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
    • image-plus8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control
      • 8.8.1 Example
    • 8.9 TERMIOS -- Constants used with the termios module
    • 8.10 tty -- Terminal control functions
    • 8.11 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
    • 8.12 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
    • image-plus8.13 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
      • 8.13.1 Template Objects
    • 8.14 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
    • image-plus8.15 resource -- Resource usage information
      • 8.15.1 Resource Limits
      • 8.15.2 Resource Usage
    • 8.16 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yellow Pages)
    • 8.17 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
    • 8.18 commands -- Utilities for running commands
  • image-plus9. The Python Debugger
    • 9.1 Debugger Commands
    • 9.2 How It Works
  • image-plus10. The Python Profiler
    • 10.1 Introduction to the profiler
    • 10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
    • 10.3 Instant Users Manual
    • 10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
    • image-plus10.5 Reference Manual
      • 10.5.1 The Stats Class
    • 10.6 Limitations
    • 10.7 Calibration
    • 10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
  • image-plus11. Internet Protocols and Support
    • image-plus11.1 webbrowser -- Convenient Web-browser controller
      • 11.1.1 Browser Controller Objects
    • image-plus11.2 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
      • 11.2.1 Introduction
      • 11.2.2 Using the cgi module
      • 11.2.3 Higher Level Interface
      • 11.2.4 Old classes
      • 11.2.5 Functions
      • 11.2.6 Caring about security
      • 11.2.7 Installing your CGI script on a Unix system
      • 11.2.8 Testing your CGI script
      • 11.2.9 Debugging CGI scripts
      • 11.2.10 Common problems and solutions
    • 11.3 cgitb -- Traceback manager for CGI scripts
    • image-plus11.4 urllib -- Open arbitrary resources by URL
      • 11.4.1 URLopener Objects
      • 11.4.2 Examples
    • image-plus11.5 urllib2 -- extensible library for opening URLs
      • 11.5.1 Request Objects
      • 11.5.2 OpenerDirector Objects
      • 11.5.3 BaseHandler Objects
      • 11.5.4 HTTPRedirectHandler Objects
      • 11.5.5 ProxyHandler Objects
      • 11.5.6 HTTPPasswordMgr Objects
      • 11.5.7 AbstractBasicAuthHandler Objects
      • 11.5.8 HTTPBasicAuthHandler Objects
      • 11.5.9 ProxyBasicAuthHandler Objects
      • 11.5.10 AbstractDigestAuthHandler Objects
      • 11.5.11 HTTPDigestAuthHandler Objects
      • 11.5.12 ProxyDigestAuthHandler Objects
      • 11.5.13 HTTPHandler Objects
      • 11.5.14 HTTPSHandler Objects
      • 11.5.15 FileHandler Objects
      • 11.5.16 FTPHandler Objects
      • 11.5.17 CacheFTPHandler Objects
      • 11.5.18 GopherHandler Objects
      • 11.5.19 UnknownHandler Objects
    • image-plus11.6 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
      • 11.6.1 HTTPConnection Objects
      • 11.6.2 HTTPResponse Objects
      • 11.6.3 Examples
    • image-plus11.7 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
      • 11.7.1 FTP Objects
    • 11.8 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
    • image-plus11.9 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
      • 11.9.1 POP3 Objects
      • 11.9.2 POP3 Example
    • image-plus11.10 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
      • 11.10.1 IMAP4 Objects
      • 11.10.2 IMAP4 Example
    • image-plus11.11 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
      • 11.11.1 NNTP Objects
    • image-plus11.12 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
      • 11.12.1 SMTP Objects
      • 11.12.2 SMTP Example
    • image-plus11.13 telnetlib -- Telnet client
      • 11.13.1 Telnet Objects
      • 11.13.2 Telnet Example
    • 11.14 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components
    • 11.15 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers
    • 11.16 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server
    • 11.17 SimpleHTTPServer -- Simple HTTP request handler
    • 11.18 CGIHTTPServer -- CGI-capable HTTP request handler
    • image-plus11.19 Cookie -- HTTP state management
      • 11.19.1 Cookie Objects
      • 11.19.2 Morsel Objects
      • 11.19.3 Example
    • image-plus11.20 xmlrpclib -- XML-RPC client access
      • 11.20.1 ServerProxy Objects
      • 11.20.2 Boolean Objects
      • 11.20.3 DateTime Objects
      • 11.20.4 Binary Objects
      • 11.20.5 Fault Objects
      • 11.20.6 ProtocolError Objects
      • 11.20.7 Convenience Functions
      • 11.20.8 Example of Client Usage
    • image-plus11.21 SimpleXMLRPCServer -- Basic XML-RPC server
      • 11.21.1 SimpleXMLRPCServer Objects
    • image-plus11.22 asyncore -- Asynchronous socket handler
      • 11.22.1 Example basic HTTP client
  • image-plus12. Internet Data Handling
    • image-plus12.1 formatter -- Generic output formatting
      • 12.1.1 The Formatter Interface
      • 12.1.2 Formatter Implementations
      • 12.1.3 The Writer Interface
      • 12.1.4 Writer Implementations
    • image-plus12.2 email -- An email and MIME handling package
      • 12.2.1 Representing an email message
      • 12.2.2 Parsing email messages
      • 12.2.3 Generating MIME documents
      • 12.2.4 Creating email and MIME objects from scratch
      • 12.2.5 Internationalized headers
      • 12.2.6 Representing character sets
      • 12.2.7 Encoders
      • 12.2.8 Exception classes
      • 12.2.9 Miscellaneous utilities
      • 12.2.10 Iterators
      • 12.2.11 Differences from email v1 (up to Python 2.2.1)
      • 12.2.12 Differences from mimelib
      • 12.2.13 Examples
    • 12.3 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
    • image-plus12.4 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats
      • 12.4.1 Mailbox Objects
    • image-plus12.5 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
      • 12.5.1 MH Objects
      • 12.5.2 Folder Objects
      • 12.5.3 Message Objects
    • image-plus12.6 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
      • 12.6.1 Additional Methods of Message Objects
    • image-plus12.7 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
      • 12.7.1 MimeTypes Objects
    • image-plus12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
      • 12.8.1 MimeWriter Objects
    • 12.9 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
    • image-plus12.10 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
      • 12.10.1 MultiFile Objects
      • 12.10.2 MultiFile Example
    • image-plus12.11 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 2822 mail headers
      • 12.11.1 Message Objects
      • 12.11.2 AddressList Objects
    • 12.12 base64 -- Encode and decode MIME base64 data
    • 12.13 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
    • image-plus12.14 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
      • 12.14.1 Notes
    • 12.15 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
    • 12.16 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
    • image-plus12.17 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data
      • 12.17.1 Packer Objects
      • 12.17.2 Unpacker Objects
      • 12.17.3 Exceptions
    • image-plus12.18 netrc -- netrc file processing
      • 12.18.1 netrc Objects
    • 12.19 robotparser -- Parser for robots.txt
  • image-plus13. Structured Markup Processing Tools
    • image-plus13.1 HTMLParser -- Simple HTML and XHTML parser
      • 13.1.1 Example HTML Parser
    • 13.2 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
    • image-plus13.3 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
      • 13.3.1 HTMLParser Objects
    • 13.4 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
    • image-plus13.5 xml.parsers.expat -- Fast XML parsing using Expat
      • 13.5.1 XMLParser Objects
      • 13.5.2 ExpatError Exceptions
      • 13.5.3 Example
      • 13.5.4 Content Model Descriptions
      • 13.5.5 Expat error constants
    • image-plus13.6 xml.dom -- The Document Object Model API
      • 13.6.1 Module Contents
      • 13.6.2 Objects in the DOM
      • 13.6.3 Conformance
    • image-plus13.7 xml.dom.minidom -- Lightweight DOM implementation
      • 13.7.1 DOM objects
      • 13.7.2 DOM Example
      • 13.7.3 minidom and the DOM standard
    • image-plus13.8 xml.dom.pulldom -- Support for building partial DOM trees
      • 13.8.1 DOMEventStream Objects
    • image-plus13.9 xml.sax -- Support for SAX2 parsers
      • 13.9.1 SAXException Objects
    • image-plus13.10 xml.sax.handler -- Base classes for SAX handlers
      • 13.10.1 ContentHandler Objects
      • 13.10.2 DTDHandler Objects
      • 13.10.3 EntityResolver Objects
      • 13.10.4 ErrorHandler Objects
    • 13.11 xml.sax.saxutils -- SAX Utilities
    • image-plus13.12 xml.sax.xmlreader -- Interface for XML parsers
      • 13.12.1 XMLReader Objects
      • 13.12.2 IncrementalParser Objects
      • 13.12.3 Locator Objects
      • 13.12.4 InputSource Objects
      • 13.12.5 The Attributes Interface
      • 13.12.6 The AttributesNS Interface
    • image-plus13.13 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents
      • 13.13.1 XML Namespaces
  • image-plus14. Multimedia Services
    • 14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
    • 14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
    • 14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
    • image-plus14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
      • 14.4.1 AU_read Objects
      • 14.4.2 AU_write Objects
    • image-plus14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
      • 14.5.1 Wave_read Objects
      • 14.5.2 Wave_write Objects
    • 14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
    • 14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
    • 14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
    • 14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image
    • 14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file
  • image-plus15. Cryptographic Services
    • 15.1 hmac -- Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
    • 15.2 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
    • 15.3 sha -- SHA message digest algorithm
    • 15.4 mpz -- GNU arbitrary magnitude integers
    • 15.5 rotor -- Enigma-like encryption and decryption
  • image-plus16. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
    • image-plus16.1 Tkinter -- Python interface to Tcl/Tk
      • 16.1.1 Tkinter Modules
      • 16.1.2 Tkinter Life Preserver
      • 16.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk
      • 16.1.4 Mapping Basic Tk into Tkinter
      • 16.1.5 How Tk and Tkinter are Related
      • 16.1.6 Handy Reference
    • image-plus16.2 Tix -- Extension widgets for Tk
      • 16.2.1 Using Tix
      • 16.2.2 Tix Widgets
      • 16.2.3 Tix Commands
    • 16.3 ScrolledText -- Scrolled Text Widget
    • image-plus16.4 turtle -- Turtle graphics for Tk
      • 16.4.1 Pen and RawPen Objects
    • image-plus16.5 Idle
      • 16.5.1 Menus
      • 16.5.2 Basic editing and navigation
      • 16.5.3 Syntax colors
    • 16.6 Other Graphical User Interface Packages
  • image-plus17. Restricted Execution
    • image-plus17.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
      • 17.1.1 RExec Objects
      • 17.1.2 Defining restricted environments
      • 17.1.3 An example
    • 17.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
  • image-plus18. Python Language Services
    • image-plus18.1 parser -- Access Python parse trees
      • 18.1.1 Creating AST Objects
      • 18.1.2 Converting AST Objects
      • 18.1.3 Queries on AST Objects
      • 18.1.4 Exceptions and Error Handling
      • 18.1.5 AST Objects
      • 18.1.6 Examples
    • 18.2 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 18.3 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 18.4 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
    • 18.5 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
    • 18.6 tabnanny -- Detection of ambiguous indentation
    • image-plus18.7 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
      • 18.7.1 Class Descriptor Objects
    • 18.8 py_compile -- Compile Python source files
    • 18.9 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries
    • image-plus18.10 dis -- Disassembler for Python byte code
      • 18.10.1 Python Byte Code Instructions
    • 18.11 distutils -- Building and installing Python modules
  • image-plus19. Python compiler package
    • 19.1 The basic interface
    • 19.2 Limitations
    • image-plus19.3 Python Abstract Syntax
      • 19.3.1 AST Nodes
      • 19.3.2 Assignment nodes
      • 19.3.3 Examples
    • 19.4 Using Visitors to Walk ASTs
    • 19.5 Bytecode Generation
  • image-plus20. SGI IRIX Specific Services
    • image-plus20.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
      • 20.1.1 Configuration Objects
      • 20.1.2 Port Objects
    • 20.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
    • image-plus20.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
      • 20.3.1 Player Objects
      • 20.3.2 Parser Objects
    • image-plus20.4 fl -- FORMS library for graphical user interfaces
      • 20.4.1 Functions Defined in Module fl
      • 20.4.2 Form Objects
      • 20.4.3 FORMS Objects
    • 20.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
    • 20.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
    • 20.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
    • 20.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
    • 20.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
    • 20.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
    • 20.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
    • 20.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
  • image-plus21. SunOS Specific Services
    • image-plus21.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
      • 21.1.1 Audio Device Objects
    • 21.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
  • image-plus22. MS Windows Specific Services
    • image-plus22.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
      • 22.1.1 File Operations
      • 22.1.2 Console I/O
      • 22.1.3 Other Functions
    • image-plus22.2 _winreg - Windows registry access
      • 22.2.1 Registry Handle Objects
    • 22.3 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
  • image-plusA. Undocumented Modules
    • A.1 Frameworks
    • A.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
    • A.3 Platform specific modules
    • A.4 Multimedia
    • A.5 Obsolete
    • A.6 SGI-specific Extension modules
  • B. Reporting Bugs
  • image-plusC. History and License
    • C.1 History of the software
    • C.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
  • Module Index
  • Index
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Include Files
    • image-plus1.2 Objects, Types and Reference Counts
      • 1.2.1 Reference Counts
      • 1.2.2 Types
    • 1.3 Exceptions
    • 1.4 Embedding Python
  • 2. The Very High Level Layer
  • 3. Reference Counting
  • image-plus4. Exception Handling
    • 4.1 Standard Exceptions
    • 4.2 Deprecation of String Exceptions
  • image-plus5. Utilities
    • 5.1 Operating System Utilities
    • 5.2 Process Control
    • 5.3 Importing Modules
    • 5.4 Data marshalling support
    • 5.5 Parsing arguments and building values
  • image-plus6. Abstract Objects Layer
    • 6.1 Object Protocol
    • 6.2 Number Protocol
    • 6.3 Sequence Protocol
    • 6.4 Mapping Protocol
    • 6.5 Iterator Protocol
    • 6.6 Buffer Protocol
  • image-plus7. Concrete Objects Layer
    • image-plus7.1 Fundamental Objects
      • 7.1.1 Type Objects
      • 7.1.2 The None Object
    • image-plus7.2 Numeric Objects
      • 7.2.1 Plain Integer Objects
      • 7.2.2 Long Integer Objects
      • 7.2.3 Floating Point Objects
      • 7.2.4 Complex Number Objects
    • image-plus7.3 Sequence Objects
      • 7.3.1 String Objects
      • 7.3.2 Unicode Objects
      • 7.3.3 Buffer Objects
      • 7.3.4 Tuple Objects
      • 7.3.5 List Objects
    • image-plus7.4 Mapping Objects
      • 7.4.1 Dictionary Objects
    • image-plus7.5 Other Objects
      • 7.5.1 File Objects
      • 7.5.2 Instance Objects
      • 7.5.3 Method Objects
      • 7.5.4 Module Objects
      • 7.5.5 Iterator Objects
      • 7.5.6 Descriptor Objects
      • 7.5.7 Slice Objects
      • 7.5.8 Weak Reference Objects
      • 7.5.9 CObjects
      • 7.5.10 Cell Objects
  • image-plus8. Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
    • 8.1 Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
    • 8.2 Profiling and Tracing
    • 8.3 Advanced Debugger Support
  • image-plus9. Memory Management
    • 9.1 Overview
    • 9.2 Memory Interface
    • 9.3 Examples
  • image-plus10. Defining New Object Types
    • 10.1 Allocating Objects on the Heap
    • 10.2 Common Object Structures
    • 10.3 Mapping Object Structures
    • 10.4 Number Object Structures
    • 10.5 Sequence Object Structures
    • 10.6 Buffer Object Structures
    • 10.7 Supporting the Iterator Protocol
    • image-plus10.8 Supporting Cyclic Garbarge Collection
      • 10.8.1 Example Cycle Collector Support
  • A. Reporting Bugs
  • image-plusB. History and License
    • B.1 History of the software
    • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
  • Index
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Extending Python with C or C++
    • 1.1 A Simple Example
    • 1.2 Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
    • 1.3 Back to the Example
    • 1.4 The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
    • 1.5 Compilation and Linkage
    • 1.6 Calling Python Functions from C
    • 1.7 Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
    • 1.8 Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
    • 1.9 Building Arbitrary Values
    • image-plus1.10 Reference Counts
      • 1.10.1 Reference Counting in Python
      • 1.10.2 Ownership Rules
      • 1.10.3 Thin Ice
      • 1.10.4 NULL Pointers
    • 1.11 Writing Extensions in C++
    • 1.12 Providing a C API for an Extension Module
  • image-plus2. Defining New Types
    • 2.1 The Basics
    • image-plus2.2 Type Methods
      • 2.2.1 Finalization and De-allocation
      • 2.2.2 Object Representation
      • 2.2.3 Attribute Management Functions
      • 2.2.4 Object Comparison
      • 2.2.5 Abstract Protocol Support
      • 2.2.6 More Suggestions
  • image-plus3. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
    • 3.1 Distributing your extension modules
  • image-plus4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
    • 4.1 A Cookbook Approach
    • 4.2 Differences Between Unix and Windows
    • 4.3 Using DLLs in Practice
  • image-plus5. Embedding Python in Another Application
    • 5.1 Very High Level Embedding
    • 5.2 Beyond Very High Level Embedding: An overview
    • 5.3 Pure Embedding
    • 5.4 Extending Embedded Python
    • 5.5 Embedding Python in C++
    • 5.6 Linking Requirements
  • A. Reporting Bugs
  • image-plusB. History and License
    • B.1 History of the software
    • B.2 Terms and conditions for accessing or otherwise using Python
  • About this document ...
  • __builtin__
  • __main__
  • _winreg (Windows)
  • aepack (Mac)
  • aetypes (Mac)
  • aifc
  • AL (IRIX)
  • al (IRIX)
  • anydbm
  • applesingle (Mac)
  • array
  • asyncore
  • atexit
  • audioop
  • base64
  • BaseHTTPServer
  • Bastion
  • binascii
  • binhex
  • bisect
  • bsddb (Unix, Windows)
  • buildtools (Mac)
  • calendar
  • Carbon.AE (Mac)
  • Carbon.App (Mac)
  • Carbon.CF (Mac)
  • Carbon.Cm (Mac)
  • Carbon.Ctl (Mac)
  • Carbon.Dlg (Mac)
  • Carbon.Evt (Mac)
  • Carbon.Fm (Mac)
  • Carbon.Help (Mac)
  • Carbon.List (Mac)
  • Carbon.Menu (Mac)
  • Carbon.Mlte (Mac)
  • Carbon.Qd (Mac)
  • Carbon.Qdoffs (Mac)
  • Carbon.Qt (Mac)
  • Carbon.Res (Mac)
  • Carbon.Scrap (Mac)
  • Carbon.Snd (Mac)
  • Carbon.TE (Mac)
  • Carbon.Win (Mac)
  • cd (IRIX)
  • cfmfile (Mac)
  • cgi
  • CGIHTTPServer
  • cgitb
  • chunk
  • cmath
  • cmd
  • code
  • codecs
  • codeop
  • ColorPicker (Mac)
  • colorsys
  • commands (Unix)
  • compileall
  • compiler
  • compiler.ast
  • compiler.visitor
  • ConfigParser
  • Cookie
  • copy
  • copy_reg
  • cPickle
  • crypt (Unix)
  • cStringIO
  • ctb (Mac)
  • curses
  • curses.ascii
  • curses.panel
  • curses.textpad
  • curses.wrapper
  • dbhash (Unix, Windows)
  • dbm (Unix)
  • DEVICE (IRIX)
  • difflib
  • dircache
  • dis
  • distutils
  • dl (Unix)
  • doctest
  • dumbdbm
  • EasyDialogs (Mac)
  • email
  • email.Charset
  • email.Encoders
  • email.Errors
  • email.Generator
  • email.Header
  • email.Iterators
  • email.Message
  • email.Parser
  • email.Utils
  • errno
  • exceptions
  • fcntl (Unix)
  • filecmp
  • fileinput
  • findertools (Mac)
  • FL (IRIX)
  • fl (IRIX)
  • flp (IRIX)
  • fm (IRIX)
  • fnmatch
  • formatter
  • fpectl (Unix)
  • fpformat
  • FrameWork (Mac)
  • ftplib
  • gc
  • gdbm (Unix)
  • getopt
  • getpass
  • gettext
  • GL (IRIX)
  • gl (IRIX)
  • glob
  • gopherlib
  • grp (Unix)
  • gzip
  • hmac
  • htmlentitydefs
  • htmllib
  • HTMLParser
  • httplib
  • ic (Mac)
  • icopen (Mac)
  • imageop
  • imaplib
  • imgfile (IRIX)
  • imghdr
  • imp
  • inspect
  • jpeg (IRIX)
  • keyword
  • linecache
  • locale
  • mac (Mac)
  • macerrors (Mac)
  • macfs (Mac)
  • macfsn (Mac)
  • MacOS (Mac)
  • macostools (Mac)
  • macpath
  • macresource (Mac)
  • macspeech (Mac)
  • mactty (Mac)
  • mailbox
  • mailcap
  • marshal
  • math
  • md5
  • mhlib
  • mimetools
  • mimetypes
  • MimeWriter
  • mimify
  • MiniAEFrame (Mac)
  • mkcwproject (Mac)
  • mmap
  • mpz
  • msvcrt (Windows)
  • multifile
  • mutex
  • Nac (Mac)
  • netrc
  • new
  • nis (UNIX)
  • nntplib
  • nsremote (Mac)
  • operator
  • os
  • os.path
  • parser
  • pdb
  • pickle
  • pipes (Unix)
  • PixMapWrapper (Mac)
  • popen2 (Unix, Windows)
  • poplib
  • posix (Unix)
  • posixfile (Unix)
  • pprint
  • preferences (Mac)
  • profile
  • pstats
  • pty (IRIX, Linux)
  • pwd (Unix)
  • py_compile
  • py_resource (Mac)
  • pyclbr
  • pydoc
  • pythonprefs (Mac)
  • Queue
  • quietconsole (Mac)
  • quopri
  • random
  • re
  • readline (Unix)
  • repr
  • resource (Unix)
  • rexec
  • rfc822
  • rgbimg
  • rlcompleter (Unix)
  • robotparser
  • rotor
  • sched
  • ScrolledText (Tk)
  • select
  • sgmllib
  • sha
  • shelve
  • shlex
  • shutil
  • signal
  • SimpleHTTPServer
  • SimpleXMLRPCServer
  • site
  • smtplib
  • sndhdr
  • socket
  • SocketServer
  • stat
  • statcache
  • statvfs
  • string
  • StringIO
  • struct
  • sunau
  • SUNAUDIODEV (SunOS)
  • sunaudiodev (SunOS)
  • symbol
  • sys
  • syslog (Unix)
  • tabnanny
  • telnetlib
  • tempfile
  • TERMIOS (Unix)
  • termios (Unix)
  • thread
  • threading
  • time
  • Tix
  • Tkinter
  • token
  • tokenize
  • traceback
  • tty (Unix)
  • turtle (Tk)
  • types
  • unicodedata
  • unittest
  • urllib
  • urllib2
  • urlparse
  • user
  • UserDict
  • UserList
  • UserString
  • uu
  • videoreader (Mac)
  • W (Mac)
  • warnings
  • waste (Mac)
  • wave
  • weakref
  • webbrowser
  • whichdb
  • whrandom
  • winsound (Windows)
  • xdrlib
  • xml.dom
  • xml.dom.minidom
  • xml.dom.pulldom
  • xml.parsers.expat
  • xml.sax
  • xml.sax.handler
  • xml.sax.saxutils
  • xml.sax.xmlreader
  • xmllib
  • xmlrpclib
  • xreadlines
  • zipfile
  • zlib

Website

PEPs

Newsgroups

Advanced search

Package index

Browse the tree of packages

Issue tracker

  • A