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3.6.0a0

  • 1. Whetting Your Appetite
  • image-plus2. Using the Python Interpreter
    • image-plus2.1. Invoking the Interpreter
      • 2.1.1. Argument Passing
      • 2.1.2. Interactive Mode
    • image-plus2.2. The Interpreter and Its Environment
      • 2.2.1. Source Code Encoding
  • image-plus3. An Informal Introduction to Python
    • image-plus3.1. Using Python as a Calculator
      • 3.1.1. Numbers
      • 3.1.2. Strings
      • 3.1.3. Lists
    • 3.2. First Steps Towards Programming
  • image-plus4. More Control Flow Tools
    • 4.1. if Statements
    • 4.2. for Statements
    • 4.3. The range() Function
    • 4.4. break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
    • 4.5. pass Statements
    • 4.6. Defining Functions
    • image-plus4.7. More on Defining Functions
      • 4.7.1. Default Argument Values
      • 4.7.2. Keyword Arguments
      • 4.7.3. Arbitrary Argument Lists
      • 4.7.4. Unpacking Argument Lists
      • 4.7.5. Lambda Expressions
      • 4.7.6. Documentation Strings
      • 4.7.7. Function Annotations
    • 4.8. Intermezzo: Coding Style
  • image-plus5. Data Structures
    • image-plus5.1. More on Lists
      • 5.1.1. Using Lists as Stacks
      • 5.1.2. Using Lists as Queues
      • 5.1.3. List Comprehensions
      • 5.1.4. Nested List Comprehensions
    • 5.2. The del statement
    • 5.3. Tuples and Sequences
    • 5.4. Sets
    • 5.5. Dictionaries
    • 5.6. Looping Techniques
    • 5.7. More on Conditions
    • 5.8. Comparing Sequences and Other Types
  • image-plus6. Modules
    • image-plus6.1. More on Modules
      • 6.1.1. Executing modules as scripts
      • 6.1.2. The Module Search Path
      • 6.1.3. “Compiled” Python files
    • 6.2. Standard Modules
    • 6.3. The dir() Function
    • image-plus6.4. Packages
      • 6.4.1. Importing * From a Package
      • 6.4.2. Intra-package References
      • 6.4.3. Packages in Multiple Directories
  • image-plus7. Input and Output
    • image-plus7.1. Fancier Output Formatting
      • 7.1.1. Old string formatting
    • image-plus7.2. Reading and Writing Files
      • 7.2.1. Methods of File Objects
      • 7.2.2. Saving structured data with json
  • image-plus8. Errors and Exceptions
    • 8.1. Syntax Errors
    • 8.2. Exceptions
    • 8.3. Handling Exceptions
    • 8.4. Raising Exceptions
    • 8.5. User-defined Exceptions
    • 8.6. Defining Clean-up Actions
    • 8.7. Predefined Clean-up Actions
  • image-plus9. Classes
    • 9.1. A Word About Names and Objects
    • image-plus9.2. Python Scopes and Namespaces
      • 9.2.1. Scopes and Namespaces Example
    • image-plus9.3. A First Look at Classes
      • 9.3.1. Class Definition Syntax
      • 9.3.2. Class Objects
      • 9.3.3. Instance Objects
      • 9.3.4. Method Objects
      • 9.3.5. Class and Instance Variables
    • 9.4. Random Remarks
    • image-plus9.5. Inheritance
      • 9.5.1. Multiple Inheritance
    • 9.6. Private Variables
    • 9.7. Odds and Ends
    • 9.8. Exceptions Are Classes Too
    • 9.9. Iterators
    • 9.10. Generators
    • 9.11. Generator Expressions
  • image-plus10. Brief Tour of the Standard Library
    • 10.1. Operating System Interface
    • 10.2. File Wildcards
    • 10.3. Command Line Arguments
    • 10.4. Error Output Redirection and Program Termination
    • 10.5. String Pattern Matching
    • 10.6. Mathematics
    • 10.7. Internet Access
    • 10.8. Dates and Times
    • 10.9. Data Compression
    • 10.10. Performance Measurement
    • 10.11. Quality Control
    • 10.12. Batteries Included
  • image-plus11. Brief Tour of the Standard Library – Part II
    • 11.1. Output Formatting
    • 11.2. Templating
    • 11.3. Working with Binary Data Record Layouts
    • 11.4. Multi-threading
    • 11.5. Logging
    • 11.6. Weak References
    • 11.7. Tools for Working with Lists
    • 11.8. Decimal Floating Point Arithmetic
  • image-plus12. Virtual Environments and Packages
    • 12.1. Introduction
    • 12.2. Creating Virtual Environments
    • 12.3. Managing Packages with pip
  • 13. What Now?
  • image-plus14. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
    • 14.1. Tab Completion and History Editing
    • 14.2. Alternatives to the Interactive Interpreter
  • image-plus15. Floating Point Arithmetic: Issues and Limitations
    • 15.1. Representation Error
  • image-plus16. Appendix
    • image-plus16.1. Interactive Mode
      • 16.1.1. Error Handling
      • 16.1.2. Executable Python Scripts
      • 16.1.3. The Interactive Startup File
      • 16.1.4. The Customization Modules
  • image-plus1. Introduction
    • 1.1. Alternate Implementations
    • 1.2. Notation
  • image-plus2. Lexical analysis
    • 2.1. Line structure
    • 2.2. Other tokens
    • 2.3. Identifiers and keywords
    • 2.4. Literals
    • 2.5. Operators
    • 2.6. Delimiters
  • image-plus3. Data model
    • 3.1. Objects, values and types
    • 3.2. The standard type hierarchy
    • 3.3. Special method names
    • 3.4. Coroutines
  • image-plus4. Execution model
    • 4.1. Structure of a programm
    • 4.2. Naming and binding
    • 4.3. Exceptions
  • image-plus5. The import system
    • 5.1. importlib
    • 5.2. Packages
    • 5.3. Searching
    • 5.4. Loading
    • 5.5. The Path Based Finder
    • 5.6. Replacing the standard import system
    • 5.7. Special considerations for __main__
    • 5.8. Open issues
    • 5.9. References
  • image-plus6. Expressions
    • 6.1. Arithmetic conversions
    • 6.2. Atoms
    • 6.3. Primaries
    • 6.4. Await expression
    • 6.5. The power operator
    • 6.6. Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
    • 6.7. Binary arithmetic operations
    • 6.8. Shifting operations
    • 6.9. Binary bitwise operations
    • 6.10. Comparisons
    • 6.11. Boolean operations
    • 6.12. Conditional expressions
    • 6.13. Lambdas
    • 6.14. Expression lists
    • 6.15. Evaluation order
    • 6.16. Operator precedence
  • image-plus7. Simple statements
    • 7.1. Expression statements
    • 7.2. Assignment statements
    • 7.3. The assert statement
    • 7.4. The pass statement
    • 7.5. The del statement
    • 7.6. The return statement
    • 7.7. The yield statement
    • 7.8. The raise statement
    • 7.9. The break statement
    • 7.10. The continue statement
    • 7.11. The import statement
    • 7.12. The global statement
    • 7.13. The nonlocal statement
  • image-plus8. Compound statements
    • 8.1. The if statement
    • 8.2. The while statement
    • 8.3. The for statement
    • 8.4. The try statement
    • 8.5. The with statement
    • 8.6. Function definitions
    • 8.7. Class definitions
    • 8.8. Coroutines
  • image-plus9. Top-level components
    • 9.1. Complete Python programs
    • 9.2. File input
    • 9.3. Interactive input
    • 9.4. Expression input
  • 10. Full Grammar specification
  • 1. Introduction
  • 2. Built-in Functions
  • image-plus3. Built-in Constants
    • 3.1. Constants added by the site module
  • image-plus4. Built-in Types
    • 4.1. Truth Value Testing
    • 4.2. Boolean Operations — and, or, not
    • 4.3. Comparisons
    • 4.4. Numeric Types — int, float, complex
    • 4.5. Iterator Types
    • 4.6. Sequence Types — list, tuple, range
    • 4.7. Text Sequence Type — str
    • 4.8. Binary Sequence Types — bytes, bytearray, memoryview
    • 4.9. Set Types — set, frozenset
    • 4.10. Mapping Types — dict
    • 4.11. Context Manager Types
    • 4.12. Other Built-in Types
    • 4.13. Special Attributes
  • image-plus5. Built-in Exceptions
    • 5.1. Base classes
    • 5.2. Concrete exceptions
    • 5.3. Warnings
    • 5.4. Exception hierarchy
  • image-plus6. Text Processing Services
    • 6.1. string — Common string operations
    • 6.2. re — Regular expression operations
    • 6.3. difflib — Helpers for computing deltas
    • 6.4. textwrap — Text wrapping and filling
    • 6.5. unicodedata — Unicode Database
    • 6.6. stringprep — Internet String Preparation
    • 6.7. readline — GNU readline interface
    • 6.8. rlcompleter — Completion function for GNU readline
  • image-plus7. Binary Data Services
    • 7.1. struct — Interpret bytes as packed binary data
    • 7.2. codecs — Codec registry and base classes
  • image-plus8. Data Types
    • 8.1. datetime — Basic date and time types
    • 8.2. calendar — General calendar-related functions
    • 8.3. collections — Container datatypes
    • 8.4. collections.abc — Abstract Base Classes for Containers
    • 8.5. heapq — Heap queue algorithm
    • 8.6. bisect — Array bisection algorithm
    • 8.7. array — Efficient arrays of numeric values
    • 8.8. weakref — Weak references
    • 8.9. types — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types
    • 8.10. copy — Shallow and deep copy operations
    • 8.11. pprint — Data pretty printer
    • 8.12. reprlib — Alternate repr() implementation
    • 8.13. enum — Support for enumerations
  • image-plus9. Numeric and Mathematical Modules
    • 9.1. numbers — Numeric abstract base classes
    • 9.2. math — Mathematical functions
    • 9.3. cmath — Mathematical functions for complex numbers
    • 9.4. decimal — Decimal fixed point and floating point arithmetic
    • 9.5. fractions — Rational numbers
    • 9.6. random — Generate pseudo-random numbers
    • 9.7. statistics — Mathematical statistics functions
  • image-plus10. Functional Programming Modules
    • 10.1. itertools — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping
    • 10.2. functools — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects
    • 10.3. operator — Standard operators as functions
  • image-plus11. File and Directory Access
    • 11.1. pathlib — Object-oriented filesystem paths
    • 11.2. os.path — Common pathname manipulations
    • 11.3. fileinput — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
    • 11.4. stat — Interpreting stat() results
    • 11.5. filecmp — File and Directory Comparisons
    • 11.6. tempfile — Generate temporary files and directories
    • 11.7. glob — Unix style pathname pattern expansion
    • 11.8. fnmatch — Unix filename pattern matching
    • 11.9. linecache — Random access to text lines
    • 11.10. shutil — High-level file operations
    • 11.11. macpath — Mac OS 9 path manipulation functions
  • image-plus12. Data Persistence
    • 12.1. pickle — Python object serialization
    • 12.2. copyreg — Register pickle support functions
    • 12.3. shelve — Python object persistence
    • 12.4. marshal — Internal Python object serialization
    • 12.5. dbm — Interfaces to Unix “databases”
    • 12.6. sqlite3 — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases
  • image-plus13. Data Compression and Archiving
    • 13.1. zlib — Compression compatible with gzip
    • 13.2. gzip — Support for gzip files
    • 13.3. bz2 — Support for bzip2 compression
    • 13.4. lzma — Compression using the LZMA algorithm
    • 13.5. zipfile — Work with ZIP archives
    • 13.6. tarfile — Read and write tar archive files
  • image-plus14. File Formats
    • 14.1. csv — CSV File Reading and Writing
    • 14.2. configparser — Configuration file parser
    • 14.3. netrc — netrc file processing
    • 14.4. xdrlib — Encode and decode XDR data
    • 14.5. plistlib — Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files
  • image-plus15. Cryptographic Services
    • 15.1. hashlib — Secure hashes and message digests
    • 15.2. hmac — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication
  • image-plus16. Generic Operating System Services
    • 16.1. os — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces
    • 16.2. io — Core tools for working with streams
    • 16.3. time — Time access and conversions
    • 16.4. argparse — Parser for command-line options, arguments and sub-commands
    • 16.5. getopt — C-style parser for command line options
    • 16.6. logging — Logging facility for Python
    • 16.7. logging.config — Logging configuration
    • 16.8. logging.handlers — Logging handlers
    • 16.9. getpass — Portable password input
    • 16.10. curses — Terminal handling for character-cell displays
    • 16.11. curses.textpad — Text input widget for curses programs
    • 16.12. curses.ascii — Utilities for ASCII characters
    • 16.13. curses.panel — A panel stack extension for curses
    • 16.14. platform — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data
    • 16.15. errno — Standard errno system symbols
    • 16.16. ctypes — A foreign function library for Python
  • image-plus17. Concurrent Execution
    • 17.1. threading — Thread-based parallelism
    • 17.2. multiprocessing — Process-based parallelism
    • 17.3. The concurrent package
    • 17.4. concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks
    • 17.5. subprocess — Subprocess management
    • 17.6. sched — Event scheduler
    • 17.7. queue — A synchronized queue class
    • 17.8. dummy_threading — Drop-in replacement for the threading module
    • 17.9. _thread — Low-level threading API
    • 17.10. _dummy_thread — Drop-in replacement for the _thread module
  • image-plus18. Interprocess Communication and Networking
    • 18.1. socket — Low-level networking interface
    • 18.2. ssl — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects
    • 18.3. select — Waiting for I/O completion
    • 18.4. selectors – High-level I/O multiplexing
    • 18.5. asyncio – Asynchronous I/O, event loop, coroutines and tasks
    • 18.6. asyncore — Asynchronous socket handler
    • 18.7. asynchat — Asynchronous socket command/response handler
    • 18.8. signal — Set handlers for asynchronous events
    • 18.9. mmap — Memory-mapped file support
  • image-plus19. Internet Data Handling
    • 19.1. email — An email and MIME handling package
    • 19.2. json — JSON encoder and decoder
    • 19.3. mailcap — Mailcap file handling
    • 19.4. mailbox — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats
    • 19.5. mimetypes — Map filenames to MIME types
    • 19.6. base64 — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings
    • 19.7. binhex — Encode and decode binhex4 files
    • 19.8. binascii — Convert between binary and ASCII
    • 19.9. quopri — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
    • 19.10. uu — Encode and decode uuencode files
  • image-plus20. Structured Markup Processing Tools
    • 20.1. html — HyperText Markup Language support
    • 20.2. html.parser — Simple HTML and XHTML parser
    • 20.3. html.entities — Definitions of HTML general entities
    • 20.4. XML Processing Modules
    • 20.5. xml.etree.ElementTree — The ElementTree XML API
    • 20.6. xml.dom — The Document Object Model API
    • 20.7. xml.dom.minidom — Minimal DOM implementation
    • 20.8. xml.dom.pulldom — Support for building partial DOM trees
    • 20.9. xml.sax — Support for SAX2 parsers
    • 20.10. xml.sax.handler — Base classes for SAX handlers
    • 20.11. xml.sax.saxutils — SAX Utilities
    • 20.12. xml.sax.xmlreader — Interface for XML parsers
    • 20.13. xml.parsers.expat — Fast XML parsing using Expat
  • image-plus21. Internet Protocols and Support
    • 21.1. webbrowser — Convenient Web-browser controller
    • 21.2. cgi — Common Gateway Interface support
    • 21.3. cgitb — Traceback manager for CGI scripts
    • 21.4. wsgiref — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation
    • 21.5. urllib — URL handling modules
    • 21.6. urllib.request — Extensible library for opening URLs
    • 21.7. urllib.response — Response classes used by urllib
    • 21.8. urllib.parse — Parse URLs into components
    • 21.9. urllib.error — Exception classes raised by urllib.request
    • 21.10. urllib.robotparser — Parser for robots.txt
    • 21.11. http — HTTP modules
    • 21.12. http.client — HTTP protocol client
    • 21.13. ftplib — FTP protocol client
    • 21.14. poplib — POP3 protocol client
    • 21.15. imaplib — IMAP4 protocol client
    • 21.16. nntplib — NNTP protocol client
    • 21.17. smtplib — SMTP protocol client
    • 21.18. smtpd — SMTP Server
    • 21.19. telnetlib — Telnet client
    • 21.20. uuid — UUID objects according to RFC 4122
    • 21.21. socketserver — A framework for network servers
    • 21.22. http.server — HTTP servers
    • 21.23. http.cookies — HTTP state management
    • 21.24. http.cookiejar — Cookie handling for HTTP clients
    • 21.25. xmlrpc — XMLRPC server and client modules
    • 21.26. xmlrpc.client — XML-RPC client access
    • 21.27. xmlrpc.server — Basic XML-RPC servers
    • 21.28. ipaddress — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library
  • image-plus22. Multimedia Services
    • 22.1. audioop — Manipulate raw audio data
    • 22.2. aifc — Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
    • 22.3. sunau — Read and write Sun AU files
    • 22.4. wave — Read and write WAV files
    • 22.5. chunk — Read IFF chunked data
    • 22.6. colorsys — Conversions between color systems
    • 22.7. imghdr — Determine the type of an image
    • 22.8. sndhdr — Determine type of sound file
    • 22.9. ossaudiodev — Access to OSS-compatible audio devices
  • image-plus23. Internationalization
    • 23.1. gettext — Multilingual internationalization services
    • 23.2. locale — Internationalization services
  • image-plus24. Program Frameworks
    • 24.1. turtle — Turtle graphics
    • 24.2. cmd — Support for line-oriented command interpreters
    • 24.3. shlex — Simple lexical analysis
  • image-plus25. Graphical User Interfaces with Tk
    • 25.1. tkinter — Python interface to Tcl/Tk
    • 25.2. tkinter.ttk — Tk themed widgets
    • 25.3. tkinter.tix — Extension widgets for Tk
    • 25.4. tkinter.scrolledtext — Scrolled Text Widget
    • 25.5. IDLE
    • 25.6. Other Graphical User Interface Packages
  • image-plus26. Development Tools
    • 26.1. typing — Support for type hints
    • 26.2. pydoc — Documentation generator and online help system
    • 26.3. doctest — Test interactive Python examples
    • 26.4. unittest — Unit testing framework
    • 26.5. unittest.mock — mock object library
    • 26.6. unittest.mock — getting started
    • 26.7. 2to3 - Automated Python 2 to 3 code translation
    • 26.8. test — Regression tests package for Python
    • 26.9. test.support — Utilities for the Python test suite
  • image-plus27. Debugging and Profiling
    • 27.1. bdb — Debugger framework
    • 27.2. faulthandler — Dump the Python traceback
    • 27.3. pdb — The Python Debugger
    • 27.4. The Python Profilers
    • 27.5. timeit — Measure execution time of small code snippets
    • 27.6. trace — Trace or track Python statement execution
    • 27.7. tracemalloc — Trace memory allocations
  • image-plus28. Software Packaging and Distribution
    • 28.1. distutils — Building and installing Python modules
    • 28.2. ensurepip — Bootstrapping the pip installer
    • 28.3. venv — Creation of virtual environments
    • 28.4. zipapp — Manage executable python zip archives
  • image-plus29. Python Runtime Services
    • 29.1. sys — System-specific parameters and functions
    • 29.2. sysconfig — Provide access to Python’s configuration information
    • 29.3. builtins — Built-in objects
    • 29.4. __main__ — Top-level script environment
    • 29.5. warnings — Warning control
    • 29.6. contextlib — Utilities for with-statement contexts
    • 29.7. abc — Abstract Base Classes
    • 29.8. atexit — Exit handlers
    • 29.9. traceback — Print or retrieve a stack traceback
    • 29.10. __future__ — Future statement definitions
    • 29.11. gc — Garbage Collector interface
    • 29.12. inspect — Inspect live objects
    • 29.13. site — Site-specific configuration hook
    • 29.14. fpectl — Floating point exception control
  • image-plus30. Custom Python Interpreters
    • 30.1. code — Interpreter base classes
    • 30.2. codeop — Compile Python code
  • image-plus31. Importing Modules
    • 31.1. zipimport — Import modules from Zip archives
    • 31.2. pkgutil — Package extension utility
    • 31.3. modulefinder — Find modules used by a script
    • 31.4. runpy — Locating and executing Python modules
    • 31.5. importlib – The implementation of import
  • image-plus32. Python Language Services
    • 32.1. parser — Access Python parse trees
    • 32.2. ast — Abstract Syntax Trees
    • 32.3. symtable — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables
    • 32.4. symbol — Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 32.5. token — Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 32.6. keyword — Testing for Python keywords
    • 32.7. tokenize — Tokenizer for Python source
    • 32.8. tabnanny — Detection of ambiguous indentation
    • 32.9. pyclbr — Python class browser support
    • 32.10. py_compile — Compile Python source files
    • 32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries
    • 32.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode
    • 32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers
  • image-plus33. Miscellaneous Services
    • 33.1. formatter — Generic output formatting
  • image-plus34. MS Windows Specific Services
    • 34.1. msilib — Read and write Microsoft Installer files
    • 34.2. msvcrt – Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
    • 34.3. winreg – Windows registry access
    • 34.4. winsound — Sound-playing interface for Windows
  • image-plus35. Unix Specific Services
    • 35.1. posix — The most common POSIX system calls
    • 35.2. pwd — The password database
    • 35.3. spwd — The shadow password database
    • 35.4. grp — The group database
    • 35.5. crypt — Function to check Unix passwords
    • 35.6. termios — POSIX style tty control
    • 35.7. tty — Terminal control functions
    • 35.8. pty — Pseudo-terminal utilities
    • 35.9. fcntl — The fcntl and ioctl system calls
    • 35.10. pipes — Interface to shell pipelines
    • 35.11. resource — Resource usage information
    • 35.12. nis — Interface to Sun’s NIS (Yellow Pages)
    • 35.13. syslog — Unix syslog library routines
  • image-plus36. Superseded Modules
    • 36.1. optparse — Parser for command line options
    • 36.2. imp — Access the import internals
  • image-plus37. Undocumented Modules
    • 37.1. Platform specific modules
  • image-plusIntroduction
    • Include Files
    • Objects, Types and Reference Counts
    • Exceptions
    • Embedding Python
    • Debugging Builds
  • Stable Application Binary Interface
  • The Very High Level Layer
  • Reference Counting
  • image-plusException Handling
    • Printing and clearing
    • Raising exceptions
    • Issuing warnings
    • Querying the error indicator
    • Signal Handling
    • Exception Classes
    • Exception Objects
    • Unicode Exception Objects
    • Recursion Control
    • Standard Exceptions
  • image-plusUtilities
    • Operating System Utilities
    • System Functions
    • Process Control
    • Importing Modules
    • Data marshalling support
    • Parsing arguments and building values
    • String conversion and formatting
    • Reflection
    • Codec registry and support functions
  • image-plusAbstract Objects Layer
    • Object Protocol
    • Number Protocol
    • Sequence Protocol
    • Mapping Protocol
    • Iterator Protocol
    • Buffer Protocol
    • Old Buffer Protocol
  • image-plusConcrete Objects Layer
    • Fundamental Objects
    • Numeric Objects
    • Sequence Objects
    • Container Objects
    • Function Objects
    • Other Objects
  • image-plusInitialization, Finalization, and Threads
    • Initializing and finalizing the interpreter
    • Process-wide parameters
    • Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
    • Sub-interpreter support
    • Asynchronous Notifications
    • Profiling and Tracing
    • Advanced Debugger Support
  • image-plusMemory Management
    • Overview
    • Raw Memory Interface
    • Memory Interface
    • Customize Memory Allocators
    • Customize PyObject Arena Allocator
    • Examples
  • image-plusObject Implementation Support
    • Allocating Objects on the Heap
    • Common Object Structures
    • Type Objects
    • Number Object Structures
    • Mapping Object Structures
    • Sequence Object Structures
    • Buffer Object Structures
    • Async Object Structures
    • Supporting Cyclic Garbage Collection
  • API and ABI Versioning
  • image-plus1. Extending Python with C or C++
    • 1.1. A Simple Example
    • 1.2. Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
    • 1.3. Back to the Example
    • 1.4. The Module’s Method Table and Initialization Function
    • 1.5. Compilation and Linkage
    • 1.6. Calling Python Functions from C
    • 1.7. Extracting Parameters in Extension Functions
    • 1.8. Keyword Parameters for Extension Functions
    • 1.9. Building Arbitrary Values
    • 1.10. Reference Counts
    • 1.11. Writing Extensions in C++
    • 1.12. Providing a C API for an Extension Module
  • image-plus2. Defining New Types
    • 2.1. The Basics
    • 2.2. Type Methods
  • image-plus3. Building C and C++ Extensions
    • 3.1. Building C and C++ Extensions with distutils
    • 3.2. Distributing your extension modules
  • image-plus4. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
    • 4.1. A Cookbook Approach
    • 4.2. Differences Between Unix and Windows
    • 4.3. Using DLLs in Practice
  • __future__
  • __main__
  • _dummy_thread
  • _thread
  • abc
  • aifc
  • argparse
  • array
  • ast
  • asynchat
  • asyncio
  • asyncore
  • atexit
  • audioop
  • base64
  • bdb
  • binascii
  • binhex
  • bisect
  • builtins
  • bz2
  • calendar
  • cgi
  • cgitb
  • chunk
  • cmath
  • cmd
  • code
  • codecs
  • codeop
  • collections
  • collections.abc
  • colorsys
  • compileall
  • concurrent.futures
  • configparser
  • contextlib
  • copy
  • copyreg
  • cProfile
  • crypt (Unix)
  • csv
  • ctypes
  • curses (Unix)
  • curses.ascii
  • curses.panel
  • curses.textpad
  • datetime
  • dbm
  • dbm.dumb
  • dbm.gnu (Unix)
  • dbm.ndbm (Unix)
  • decimal
  • difflib
  • dis
  • distutils
  • distutils.archive_util
  • distutils.bcppcompiler
  • distutils.ccompiler
  • distutils.cmd
  • distutils.command
  • distutils.command.bdist
  • distutils.command.bdist_dumb
  • distutils.command.bdist_msi
  • distutils.command.bdist_packager
  • distutils.command.bdist_rpm
  • distutils.command.bdist_wininst
  • distutils.command.build
  • distutils.command.build_clib
  • distutils.command.build_ext
  • distutils.command.build_py
  • distutils.command.build_scripts
  • distutils.command.check
  • distutils.command.clean
  • distutils.command.config
  • distutils.command.install
  • distutils.command.install_data
  • distutils.command.install_headers
  • distutils.command.install_lib
  • distutils.command.install_scripts
  • distutils.command.register
  • distutils.command.sdist
  • distutils.core
  • distutils.cygwinccompiler
  • distutils.debug
  • distutils.dep_util
  • distutils.dir_util
  • distutils.dist
  • distutils.errors
  • distutils.extension
  • distutils.fancy_getopt
  • distutils.file_util
  • distutils.filelist
  • distutils.log
  • distutils.msvccompiler
  • distutils.spawn
  • distutils.sysconfig
  • distutils.text_file
  • distutils.unixccompiler
  • distutils.util
  • distutils.version
  • doctest
  • dummy_threading
  • email
  • email.charset
  • email.contentmanager
  • email.encoders
  • email.errors
  • email.generator
  • email.header
  • email.headerregistry
  • email.iterators
  • email.message
  • email.mime
  • email.parser
  • email.policy
  • email.utils
  • encodings.idna
  • encodings.mbcs
  • encodings.utf_8_sig
  • ensurepip
  • enum
  • errno
  • faulthandler
  • fcntl (Unix)
  • filecmp
  • fileinput
  • fnmatch
  • formatter
  • fpectl (Unix)
  • fractions
  • ftplib
  • functools
  • gc
  • getopt
  • getpass
  • gettext
  • glob
  • grp (Unix)
  • gzip
  • hashlib
  • heapq
  • hmac
  • html
  • html.entities
  • html.parser
  • http
  • http.client
  • http.cookiejar
  • http.cookies
  • http.server
  • imaplib
  • imghdr
  • imp
  • importlib
  • importlib.abc
  • importlib.machinery
  • importlib.util
  • inspect
  • io
  • ipaddress
  • itertools
  • json
  • json.tool
  • keyword
  • lib2to3
  • linecache
  • locale
  • logging
  • logging.config
  • logging.handlers
  • lzma
  • macpath
  • mailbox
  • mailcap
  • marshal
  • math
  • mimetypes
  • mmap
  • modulefinder
  • msilib (Windows)
  • msvcrt (Windows)
  • multiprocessing
  • multiprocessing.connection
  • multiprocessing.dummy
  • multiprocessing.managers
  • multiprocessing.pool
  • multiprocessing.sharedctypes
  • netrc
  • nis (Unix)
  • nntplib
  • numbers
  • operator
  • optparse
  • os
  • os.path
  • ossaudiodev (Linux, FreeBSD)
  • parser
  • pathlib
  • pdb
  • pickle
  • pickletools
  • pipes (Unix)
  • pkgutil
  • platform
  • plistlib
  • poplib
  • posix (Unix)
  • pprint
  • profile
  • pstats
  • pty (Linux)
  • pwd (Unix)
  • py_compile
  • pyclbr
  • pydoc
  • queue
  • quopri
  • random
  • re
  • readline (Unix)
  • reprlib
  • resource (Unix)
  • rlcompleter
  • runpy
  • sched
  • select
  • selectors
  • shelve
  • shlex
  • shutil
  • signal
  • site
  • smtpd
  • smtplib
  • sndhdr
  • socket
  • socketserver
  • spwd (Unix)
  • sqlite3
  • ssl
  • stat
  • statistics
  • string
  • stringprep
  • struct
  • subprocess
  • sunau
  • symbol
  • symtable
  • sys
  • sysconfig
  • syslog (Unix)
  • tabnanny
  • tarfile
  • telnetlib
  • tempfile
  • termios (Unix)
  • test
  • test.support
  • textwrap
  • threading
  • time
  • timeit
  • tkinter
  • tkinter.scrolledtext (Tk)
  • tkinter.tix
  • tkinter.ttk
  • token
  • tokenize
  • trace
  • traceback
  • tracemalloc
  • tty (Unix)
  • turtle
  • turtledemo
  • types
  • typing
  • unicodedata
  • unittest
  • unittest.mock
  • urllib
  • urllib.error
  • urllib.parse
  • urllib.request
  • urllib.response
  • urllib.robotparser
  • uu
  • uuid
  • venv
  • warnings
  • wave
  • weakref
  • webbrowser
  • winreg (Windows)
  • winsound (Windows)
  • wsgiref
  • wsgiref.handlers
  • wsgiref.headers
  • wsgiref.simple_server
  • wsgiref.util
  • wsgiref.validate
  • xdrlib
  • xml
  • xml.dom
  • xml.dom.minidom
  • xml.dom.pulldom
  • xml.etree.ElementTree
  • xml.parsers.expat
  • xml.parsers.expat.errors
  • xml.parsers.expat.model
  • xml.sax
  • xml.sax.handler
  • xml.sax.saxutils
  • xml.sax.xmlreader
  • xmlrpc.client
  • xmlrpc.server
  • zipapp
  • zipfile
  • zipimport
  • zlib

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