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1.5.2

  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Whetting Your Appetite
    • 1.1 Where From Here
  • image-plus2. Using the Python Interpreter
    • 2.1 Invoking the Interpreter
    • 2.2 The Interpreter and Its Environment
  • image-plus3. An Informal Introduction to Python
    • 3.1 Using Python as a Calculator
    • 3.2 First Steps Towards Programming
  • image-plus4. More Control Flow Tools
    • 4.1 if Statements
    • 4.2 for Statements
    • 4.3 The range() Function
    • 4.4 break and continue Statements, and else Clauses on Loops
    • 4.5 pass Statements
    • 4.6 Defining Functions
    • 4.7 More on Defining Functions
  • image-plus5. Data Structures
    • 5.1 More on Lists
    • 5.2 The del statement
    • 5.3 Tuples and Sequences
    • 5.4 Dictionaries
    • 5.5 More on Conditions
    • 5.6 Comparing Sequences and Other Types
  • image-plus6. Modules
    • 6.1 More on Modules
    • 6.2 Standard Modules
    • 6.3 The dir() Function
    • 6.4 Packages
  • image-plus7. Input and Output
    • 7.1 Fancier Output Formatting
    • 7.2 Reading and Writing Files
  • image-plus8. Errors and Exceptions
    • 8.1 Syntax Errors
    • 8.2 Exceptions
    • 8.3 Handling Exceptions
    • 8.4 Raising Exceptions
    • 8.5 User-defined Exceptions
    • 8.6 Defining Clean-up Actions
  • image-plus9. Classes
    • 9.1 A Word About Terminology
    • 9.2 Python Scopes and Name Spaces
    • 9.3 A First Look at Classes
    • 9.4 Random Remarks
    • 9.5 Inheritance
    • 9.6 Private Variables
    • 9.7 Odds and Ends
  • 10. What Now?
  • image-plusA. Interactive Input Editing and History Substitution
    • A1. Line Editing
    • A2. History Substitution
    • A3. Key Bindings
    • A4. Commentary
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Notation
  • image-plus2. Lexical analysis
    • 2.1 Line structure
    • 2.2 Other tokens
    • 2.3 Identifiers and keywords
    • 2.4 Literals
    • 2.5 Operators
    • 2.6 Delimiters
  • image-plus3. Data model
    • 3.1 Objects, values and types
    • 3.2 The standard type hierarchy
    • 3.3 Special method names
  • image-plus4. Execution model
    • 4.1 Code blocks, execution frames, and namespaces
    • 4.2 Exceptions
  • image-plus5. Expressions
    • 5.1 Arithmetic conversions
    • 5.2 Atoms
    • 5.3 Primaries
    • 5.4 The power operator
    • 5.5 Unary arithmetic operations
    • 5.6 Binary arithmetic operations
    • 5.7 Shifting operations
    • 5.8 Binary bit-wise operations
    • 5.9 Comparisons
    • 5.10 Boolean operations
    • 5.11 Expression lists
    • 5.12 Summary
  • image-plus6. Simple statements
    • 6.1 Expression statements
    • 6.2 Assert statements
    • 6.3 Assignment statements
    • 6.4 The pass statement
    • 6.5 The del statement
    • 6.6 The print statement
    • 6.7 The return statement
    • 6.8 The raise statement
    • 6.9 The break statement
    • 6.10 The continue statement
    • 6.11 The import statement
    • 6.12 The global statement
    • 6.13 The exec statement
  • image-plus7. Compound statements
    • 7.1 The if statement
    • 7.2 The while statement
    • 7.3 The for statement
    • 7.4 The try statement
    • 7.5 Function definitions
    • 7.6 Class definitions
  • image-plus8. Top-level components
    • 8.1 Complete Python programs
    • 8.2 File input
    • 8.3 Interactive input
    • 8.4 Expression input
  • Index
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • 1. Introduction
  • image-plus2. Built-in Types, Exceptions and Functions
    • 2.1 Built-in Types
    • 2.2 Built-in Exceptions
    • 2.3 Built-in Functions
  • image-plus3. Python Services
    • 3.1 sys -- System-specific parameters and functions
    • 3.2 types -- Names for all built-in types.
    • 3.3 UserDict -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects
    • 3.4 UserList -- Class wrapper for list objects
    • 3.5 operator -- Standard operators as functions.
    • 3.6 traceback -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback
    • 3.7 linecache -- Random access to text lines
    • 3.8 pickle -- Python object serialization
    • 3.9 cPickle -- Alternate implementation of pickle
    • 3.10 copy_reg -- Register pickle support functions
    • 3.11 shelve -- Python object persistency
    • 3.12 copy -- Shallow and deep copy operations
    • 3.13 marshal -- Alternate Python object serialization
    • 3.14 imp -- Access the import internals
    • 3.15 parser -- Access parse trees for Python code
    • 3.16 symbol -- Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 3.17 token -- Constants used with Python parse trees
    • 3.18 keyword -- Testing for Python keywords
    • 3.19 tokenize -- Tokenizer for Python source
    • 3.20 pyclbr -- Python class browser support
    • 3.21 code -- Code object services.
    • 3.22 codeop -- Compile Python code
    • 3.23 pprint -- Data pretty printer.
    • 3.24 repr -- Alternate repr() implementation.
    • 3.25 py_compile -- Compile Python source files.
    • 3.26 compileall -- Byte-compile Python libraries.
    • 3.27 dis -- Disassembler.
    • 3.28 new -- Runtime implementation object creation
    • 3.29 site -- Site-specific configuration hook
    • 3.30 user -- User-specific configuration hook
    • 3.31 __builtin__ -- Built-in functions
    • 3.32 __main__ -- Top-level script environment.
  • image-plus4. String Services
    • 4.1 string -- Common string operations
    • 4.2 re -- Perl-style regular expression operations.
    • 4.3 regex -- Regular expression search and match operations.
    • 4.4 regsub -- String operations using regular expressions
    • 4.5 struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data.
    • 4.6 fpformat -- Floating point conversions
    • 4.7 StringIO -- Read and write strings as files
    • 4.8 cStringIO -- Faster version of StringIO
  • image-plus5. Miscellaneous Services
    • 5.1 math -- Mathematical functions
    • 5.2 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers
    • 5.3 whrandom -- Floating point pseudo-random number generator.
    • 5.4 random -- Generate pseudo-random numbers
    • 5.5 bisect -- Array bisection algorithm
    • 5.6 array -- Efficient arrays of numeric values
    • 5.7 ConfigParser -- Configuration file parser
    • 5.8 fileinput -- Iterate over lines from multiple input streams
    • 5.9 calendar -- Functions that emulate the Unix cal program.
    • 5.10 cmd -- Build line-oriented command interpreters.
    • 5.11 shlex -- Simple lexical analysis
  • image-plus6. Generic Operating System Services
    • 6.1 os -- Miscellaneous OS interfaces
    • 6.2 os.path -- Common pathname manipulations
    • 6.3 dircache -- Cached directory listings
    • 6.4 stat -- Interpreting stat() results
    • 6.5 statcache -- An optimization of os.stat()
    • 6.6 statvfs -- Constants used with os.statvfs()
    • 6.7 cmp -- File comparisons
    • 6.8 cmpcache -- Efficient file comparisons
    • 6.9 time -- Time access and conversions.
    • 6.10 sched -- Event scheduler
    • 6.11 getpass -- Portable password input
    • 6.12 curses -- Terminal independant console handling
    • 6.13 getopt -- Parser for command line options.
    • 6.14 tempfile -- Generate temporary file names
    • 6.15 errno -- Standard errno system symbols.
    • 6.16 glob -- Unix style pathname pattern expansion
    • 6.17 fnmatch -- Unix filename pattern matching
    • 6.18 shutil -- High-level file operations
    • 6.19 locale -- Internationalization services
    • 6.20 mutex -- Mutual exclusion support
  • image-plus7. Optional Operating System Services
    • 7.1 signal -- Set handlers for asynchronous events.
    • 7.2 socket -- Low-level networking interface
    • 7.3 select -- Waiting for I/O completion
    • 7.4 thread -- Multiple threads of control
    • 7.5 threading -- Higher-level threading interface
    • 7.6 Queue -- A synchronized queue class.
    • 7.7 anydbm -- Generic access to DBM-style databases
    • 7.8 dumbdbm -- Portable DBM implementation
    • 7.9 dbhash -- DBM-style interface to the BSD database library
    • 7.10 whichdb -- Guess which DBM module created a database
    • 7.11 bsddb -- Interface to Berkeley DB library
    • 7.12 zlib -- Compression compatible with gzip
    • 7.13 gzip -- Support for gzip files
    • 7.14 rlcompleter -- Completion function for readline
  • image-plus8. Unix Specific Services
    • 8.1 posix -- The most common POSIX system calls
    • 8.2 pwd -- The password database
    • 8.3 grp -- The group database
    • 8.4 crypt -- Function used to check Unix passwords
    • 8.5 dl -- Call C functions in shared objects
    • 8.6 dbm -- Simple ``database'' interface
    • 8.7 gdbm -- GNU's reinterpretation of dbm
    • 8.8 termios -- POSIX style tty control
    • 8.9 TERMIOS -- Constants used with the termios module
    • 8.10 tty -- Terminal control functions
    • 8.11 pty -- Pseudo-terminal utilities
    • 8.12 fcntl -- The fcntl() and ioctl() system calls
    • 8.13 pipes -- Interface to shell pipelines
    • 8.14 posixfile -- File-like objects with locking support
    • 8.15 resource -- Resource usage information
    • 8.16 nis -- Interface to Sun's NIS (Yello Pages)
    • 8.17 syslog -- Unix syslog library routines
    • 8.18 popen2 -- Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams
    • 8.19 commands -- Utilities for running commands
  • image-plus9. The Python Debugger
    • 9.1 Debugger Commands
    • 9.2 How It Works
  • image-plus10. The Python Profiler
    • 10.1 Introduction to the profiler
    • 10.2 How Is This Profiler Different From The Old Profiler?
    • 10.3 Instant Users Manual
    • 10.4 What Is Deterministic Profiling?
    • 10.5 Reference Manual
    • 10.6 Limitations
    • 10.7 Calibration
    • 10.8 Extensions -- Deriving Better Profilers
  • image-plus11. Internet Protocols and Support
    • 11.1 cgi -- Common Gateway Interface support.
    • 11.2 urllib -- Open an arbitrary object given by URL.
    • 11.3 httplib -- HTTP protocol client
    • 11.4 ftplib -- FTP protocol client
    • 11.5 gopherlib -- Gopher protocol client
    • 11.6 poplib -- POP3 protocol client
    • 11.7 imaplib -- IMAP4 protocol client
    • 11.8 nntplib -- NNTP protocol client
    • 11.9 smtplib -- SMTP protocol client
    • 11.10 telnetlib -- Telnet client
    • 11.11 urlparse -- Parse URLs into components.
    • 11.12 SocketServer -- A framework for network servers.
    • 11.13 BaseHTTPServer -- Basic HTTP server.
    • 11.14 SimpleHTTPServer -- A Do-Something Request Handler
    • 11.15 CGIHTTPServer -- A Do-Something Request Handler
    • 11.16 asyncore -- Asyncronous socket handler
  • image-plus12. Internet Data Handling
    • 12.1 sgmllib -- Simple SGML parser
    • 12.2 htmllib -- A parser for HTML documents
    • 12.3 htmlentitydefs -- Definitions of HTML general entities
    • 12.4 xmllib -- A parser for XML documents
    • 12.5 formatter -- Generic output formatting
    • 12.6 rfc822 -- Parse RFC 822 mail headers
    • 12.7 mimetools -- Tools for parsing MIME messages
    • 12.8 MimeWriter -- Generic MIME file writer
    • 12.9 multifile -- Support for files containing distinct parts
    • 12.10 binhex -- Encode and decode binhex4 files
    • 12.11 uu -- Encode and decode uuencode files
    • 12.12 binascii -- Convert between binary and ASCII
    • 12.13 xdrlib -- Encode and decode XDR data.
    • 12.14 mailcap -- Mailcap file handling.
    • 12.15 mimetypes -- Map filenames to MIME types
    • 12.16 base64 -- Encode and decode MIME base64 data
    • 12.17 quopri -- Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data
    • 12.18 mailbox -- Read various mailbox formats
    • 12.19 mhlib -- Access to MH mailboxes
    • 12.20 mimify -- MIME processing of mail messages
    • 12.21 netrc -- netrc file processing
  • image-plus13. Restricted Execution
    • 13.1 rexec -- Restricted execution framework
    • 13.2 Bastion -- Restricting access to objects
  • image-plus14. Multimedia Services
    • 14.1 audioop -- Manipulate raw audio data
    • 14.2 imageop -- Manipulate raw image data
    • 14.3 aifc -- Read and write AIFF and AIFC files
    • 14.4 sunau -- Read and write Sun AU files
    • 14.5 wave -- Read and write WAV files
    • 14.6 chunk -- Read IFF chunked data
    • 14.7 colorsys -- Conversions between color systems
    • 14.8 rgbimg -- Read and write ``SGI RGB'' files
    • 14.9 imghdr -- Determine the type of an image.
    • 14.10 sndhdr -- Determine type of sound file.
  • image-plus15. Cryptographic Services
    • 15.1 md5 -- MD5 message digest algorithm
    • 15.2 sha -- SHA message digest algorithm
    • 15.3 mpz -- GNU arbitrary magnitude integers
    • 15.4 rotor -- Enigma-like encryption and decryption.
  • image-plus16. SGI IRIX Specific Services
    • 16.1 al -- Audio functions on the SGI
    • 16.2 AL -- Constants used with the al module
    • 16.3 cd -- CD-ROM access on SGI systems
    • 16.4 fl -- FORMS library interface for GUI applications
    • 16.5 FL -- Constants used with the fl module
    • 16.6 flp -- Functions for loading stored FORMS designs
    • 16.7 fm -- Font Manager interface
    • 16.8 gl -- Graphics Library interface
    • 16.9 DEVICE -- Constants used with the gl module
    • 16.10 GL -- Constants used with the gl module
    • 16.11 imgfile -- Support for SGI imglib files
    • 16.12 jpeg -- Read and write JPEG files
  • image-plus17. SunOS Specific Services
    • 17.1 sunaudiodev -- Access to Sun audio hardware
    • 17.2 SUNAUDIODEV -- Constants used with sunaudiodev
  • image-plus18. MS Windows Specific Services
    • 18.1 msvcrt - Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime
    • 18.2 winsound -- Sound-playing interface for Windows
  • image-plus19. Undocumented Modules
    • 19.1 Frameworks
    • 19.2 Miscellaneous useful utilities
    • 19.3 Platform specific modules
    • 19.4 Multimedia
    • 19.5 Obsolete
    • 19.6 Extension modules
  • Module Index
  • Index
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Introduction
    • 1.1 Include Files
    • 1.2 Objects, Types and Reference Counts
    • 1.3 Exceptions
    • 1.4 Embedding Python
  • 2. The Very High Level Layer
  • 3. Reference Counting
  • image-plus4. Exception Handling
    • 4.1 Standard Exceptions
  • image-plus5. Utilities
    • 5.1 OS Utilities
    • 5.2 Process Control
    • 5.3 Importing Modules
  • image-plus6. Abstract Objects Layer
    • 6.1 Object Protocol
    • 6.2 Number Protocol
    • 6.3 Sequence Protocol
    • 6.4 Mapping Protocol
    • 6.5 Constructors
  • image-plus7. Concrete Objects Layer
    • 7.1 Fundamental Objects
    • 7.2 Sequence Objects
    • 7.3 Mapping Objects
    • 7.4 Numeric Objects
    • 7.5 Other Objects
  • image-plus8. Initialization, Finalization, and Threads
    • 8.1 Thread State and the Global Interpreter Lock
  • 9. Defining New Object Types
  • 10. Debugging
  • Index
  • About this document ...
  • Front Matter
  • Contents
  • image-plus1. Extending Python with C or C++
    • 1.1 A Simple Example
    • 1.2 Intermezzo: Errors and Exceptions
    • 1.3 Back to the Example
    • 1.4 The Module's Method Table and Initialization Function
    • 1.5 Compilation and Linkage
    • 1.6 Calling Python Functions from C
    • 1.7 Format Strings for PyArg_ParseTuple()
    • 1.8 Keyword Parsing with PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()
    • 1.9 The Py_BuildValue() Function
    • 1.10 Reference Counts
    • 1.11 Writing Extensions in C++
    • 1.12 Providing a C API for an Extension Module
  • image-plus2. Building C and C++ Extensions on Unix
    • 2.1 Building Custom Interpreters
    • 2.2 Module Definition Options
    • 2.3 Example
    • 2.4 Distributing your extension modules
  • image-plus3. Building C and C++ Extensions on Windows
    • 3.1 A Cookbook Approach
    • 3.2 Differences Between Unix and Windows
    • 3.3 Using DLLs in Practice
  • image-plus4. Embedding Python in Another Application
    • 4.1 Embedding Python in C++
  • About this document ...
  • __builtin__
  • __main__
  • aifc
  • AL (IRIX)
  • al (IRIX)
  • anydbm
  • array
  • asyncore
  • audioop
  • base64
  • BaseHTTPServer
  • Bastion
  • binascii
  • binhex
  • bisect
  • bsddb (Unix, Windows)
  • calendar
  • cd (IRIX)
  • cgi
  • CGIHTTPServer
  • chunk
  • cmath
  • cmd
  • cmp
  • cmpcache
  • code
  • codeop
  • colorsys
  • commands (Unix)
  • compileall
  • ConfigParser
  • copy
  • copy_reg
  • cPickle
  • crypt (Unix)
  • cStringIO
  • ctb (Mac)
  • curses
  • dbhash (Unix, Windows)
  • dbm (Unix)
  • DEVICE (IRIX)
  • dircache
  • dis
  • dl (Unix)
  • dumbdbm
  • EasyDialogs (Mac)
  • errno
  • exceptions
  • fcntl (Unix)
  • fileinput
  • findertools (Mac)
  • FL (IRIX)
  • fl (IRIX)
  • flp (IRIX)
  • fm (IRIX)
  • fnmatch
  • formatter
  • fpformat
  • FrameWork (Mac)
  • ftplib
  • gdbm (Unix)
  • getopt
  • getpass
  • GL (IRIX)
  • gl (IRIX)
  • glob
  • gopherlib
  • grp (Unix)
  • gzip
  • htmlentitydefs
  • htmllib
  • httplib
  • ic (Mac)
  • imageop
  • imaplib
  • imgfile (IRIX)
  • imghdr
  • imp
  • jpeg (IRIX)
  • keyword
  • linecache
  • locale
  • mac (Mac)
  • macconsole (Mac)
  • macdnr (Mac)
  • macfs (Mac)
  • MacOS (Mac)
  • macostools (Mac)
  • macpath
  • macspeech (Mac)
  • mactcp (Mac)
  • mailbox
  • mailcap
  • marshal
  • math
  • md5
  • mhlib
  • mimetools
  • mimetypes
  • MimeWriter
  • mimify
  • MiniAEFrame (Mac)
  • mpz
  • msvcrt (Windows)
  • multifile
  • mutex
  • netrc
  • new
  • nis (UNIX)
  • nntplib
  • operator
  • os
  • os.path
  • parser
  • pdb
  • pickle
  • pipes (Unix)
  • popen2 (Unix)
  • poplib
  • posix (Unix)
  • posixfile (Unix)
  • pprint
  • profile
  • pstats
  • pty (IRIX, Linux)
  • pwd (Unix)
  • py_compile
  • pyclbr
  • Queue
  • quopri
  • random
  • re
  • regex
  • regsub
  • repr
  • resource (Unix)
  • rexec
  • rfc822
  • rgbimg
  • rlcompleter
  • rotor
  • sched
  • select
  • sgmllib
  • sha
  • shelve
  • shlex
  • shutil
  • signal
  • SimpleHTTPServer
  • site
  • smtplib
  • sndhdr
  • socket
  • SocketServer
  • stat
  • statcache
  • statvfs
  • string
  • StringIO
  • struct
  • sunau
  • SUNAUDIODEV (SunOS)
  • sunaudiodev (SunOS)
  • symbol
  • sys
  • syslog (Unix)
  • telnetlib
  • tempfile
  • TERMIOS (Unix)
  • termios (Unix)
  • thread
  • threading
  • time
  • token
  • tokenize
  • traceback
  • tty (Unix)
  • types
  • urllib
  • urlparse
  • user
  • UserDict
  • UserList
  • uu
  • wave
  • whichdb
  • whrandom
  • winsound (Windows)
  • xdrlib
  • xmllib
  • zlib

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